Blastopore laterla3/18/2023 ![]() Here we show that the class IV POU homeodomain transcription factor (POU-IV) - an indispensable regulator of mechanosensory cell differentiation in Bilateria and cnidocyte differentiation in Cnidaria - controls hair cell development in the sea anemone cnidarian Nematostella vectensis. While developmental genetics of cnidocytes is increasingly understood, genes essential for cnidarian hair cell development are unknown. flies and vertebrates), and has two mechanosensory cell types - a lineage-specific sensory-effector known as the cnidocyte, and a classical mechanosensory neuron referred to as the hair cell. sea anemones and jellyfishes) is the sister group to well-studied Bilateria (e.g. These findings reveal a similar physiological spectrum of activity of TRPM2 in humans and Nematostella and open up the possibility to establish Nematostella as a model organism for the physiological function of TRPM2.Īlthough specialized mechanosensory cells are found across animal phylogeny, early evolutionary histories of mechanoreceptor development remain enigmatic. Therefore, NvTRPM2 plays opposite roles in the cellular response to these two different stressors. However, exposure of both experimental groups to different stressors revealed that TRPM2 sensitizes to oxidative stress but attenuates high temperature injury in Nematostella. Our results show that under standard culture conditions mutant animals are indistinguishable from wild-type animals in terms of morphology, and development. For this purpose, we generated a TRPM2 loss-of-function mutation in Nematostella and compared the phenotypes of wild-type and mutant animals after exposure to either oxidative stress or high temperature. In this study we investigate whether these evolutionary differences also apply to the physiological functions of TRPM2. The analysis of orthologues of TRPM2, in particular from the distantly related marine invertebrate Nematostella vectensis (NvTRPM2) revealed that during evolution the functional role of the endogenous enzyme domain of TRPM2 has undergone fundamental changes. The gating mechanism of TRPM2 is quite complex where a C-terminally localized enzyme domain plays a crucial role. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.īlastopore chameleon gastrulation ingression involution laminin turtle.In humans, the cation channel TRPM2 (HsTRPM2) has been intensively studied because it is involved in oxidative stress mediated apoptosis and also contributes to temperature regulation. This strategy stands mid-way between Anamniotes and Avians/Mammals, suggesting that blastoporal plate is a precursor of the avian primitive streak. Our analysis suggests that reptile gastrulation is bi-modal primary internalization occurs anteriorly by means of an incomplete blastopore-like opening, while posteriorly the cells undergo ingression in the Brachyury-expressing blastoporal plate. ![]() ![]() We analysed the expression pattern of core mesodermal markers Brachyury and Fgf8 and complimented this analysis with that of the turtle, Trachemys scripta. We analysed early to late gastrulation stages of Chamaeleo calyptratus, showing their unique morphology through confocal imaging of F-actin and laminin-stained embryos to visualise cell morphology and assess basal lamina integrity. Investigating gastrulation in a wider range of Amniotes provides a way to understand evolutionary transition from blastopore to the primitive streak. However, within the Amniote clade there exists a more diverse range of gastrulation strategies than just the primitive streak. How this midline, ingression-based strategy of gastrulation evolved from the ancestral blastopore, a circumferential involution event in Anamniotes, is unknown. Amniote gastrulation is often described with respect to human, mouse and chick development by the presence of the primitive streak, a posterior-to-anterior midline morphological cell ingression feature that has come to define Amniote gastrulation. ![]()
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